AI Scientific Illustration Gallery

APPROVED. This document outlines a multi-step laboratory procedure for preparing and coating a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion solution onto a fabric sample. The process involves: 1) Weighing 0.15 grams of CNT powder using a digital balance. 2) Adding the CNT powder to 30 mL of distilled water in a beaker. 3) Sonicating the mixture using a probe-type ultrasonic device at 150 watts to achieve uniform dispersion of CNT particles in the water. 4) Immersing the fabric sample in the CNT dispersion within the beaker, which is placed on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature, illustrating sequential coating cycles and the deposition of a thin CNT layer on the fabric surface. 5) Placing the coated fabric inside an oven.

Graphical Abstract Abstract Due to the high toxicity and low degradability of phenolic compounds, including hydroquinone (HQ), in environmental samples, there is a strong need for the development of efficient catalytic systems for the oxidation of hydroquinone to benzoquinone (BQ). Catalytic oxidation using nanoscale metal-based catalysts has been recognized as an effective approach for the removal of such contaminants. In this study, reduced graphene oxide-based iron oxide, iron nitride, and cobalt ferrite nanocomposites were synthesized using co-precipitation, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal methods. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The catalytic performances of the synthesized nanocomposites toward the oxidation of hydroquinone to benzoquinone using H₂O₂ in aqueous solution were comparatively evaluated. The results

Generate a mechanism diagram for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

This graphical abstract highlights research axes 1 to 4, alignment with the LAQV Strategy, the vision statement for a future pedagogical project, and the conclusion with final remarks.

Title: Delayed Immunomodulation Reverses Functional Connectivity and Motor Deficits in Adulthood After Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia (HI) Authors: Sanjana Mandhan, Eric Chin, Anushka Acharya, Riddhi Patel, Fabiola Beatriz Santiago Maldonado, Diana Ortega, Hawley Helmbrecht, Shenandoah Robinson, Lauren Jantzie. Background: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when the newborn brain is deprived of oxygen and blood flow around the time of birth. It remains a major cause of lifelong neurological and developmental disability in term infants. The resulting inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death disrupt normal brain development, leading to long-term problems in movement, learning, and cognition. Current treatments such as therapeutic hypothermia provide only limited protection and do not completely prevent these functional disabilities. To this end, we repurposed an immunomodulatory cocktail containing melatonin to test the hypothesis that disrupted functional neural

A schematic diagram of the direct modulation process of a semiconductor laser, including the key steps of direct modulation and the resulting detrimental effects.

LLM-based drug recommendation + safety (DDI) + long-tail/imbalance + molecular structure alignment + Stage2 frequency-aware fusion. Top Left: LLM output resulting in a safety failure due to drug-drug interaction. Illustrate the input for a patient visit 't' (Dx/Proc/Text) → LLM → Recommended drug set {A, B, C}. Within {A, B, C}, highlight a DDI pair (e.g., A–B) with a red lightning bolt, and label it as "unsafe combination / DDI". Top Right: Why this occurs (lack of structural constraints). Label it as "atomic label embeddings + co-occurrence shortcut". Illustrate an unstructured label space: drug points are disorganized, and unsafe pairs are in close proximity. Bottom Left: Long-tail/imbalance failure. Include a frequency binning histogram from MIMIC-IV (0–50, 50–100…>5000), showing a high head and a long tail. Label it as "tail labels: sparse supervision → poor recall / calibration". Bottom Right: Our solution (structure + frequency-aware). Stage 1: Drug node graph (DDI edges in red, EHR co-occurrence edges in blue, temporal edges as dashed lines), where each ATC3 is a 'multi-prototype' small cluster. Stage 2: Schematic bar weights illustrating LLM + frequency-aware fusion (tail relies more on molecule prior; head relies more on task signal).

The following hypothesis is proposed: BMSC-Exos act on intestinal cells, upregulating and regulating endogenous ACSF2 expression, enhancing mitochondrial fatty acid activation and promoting mitochondrial β-oxidation (FAO), thereby improving mitochondrial function, reducing ROS levels, and inhibiting the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, ultimately promoting intestinal mucosal repair and achieving a therapeutic effect on Crohn's disease. Based on this and previous conversations, could you help me create a schematic diagram of the research effects and hypotheses?

## Part 1: Top Title and Overall Paradigm Position: At the top of the technology roadmap, centered. Content: Main Title: Text: Research Roadmap of Photodetectors Font Size: 28 points, bold. Subtitle/Research Paradigm: Text: "Calculation-Preparation-Construction-Design" Four-in-One Research Paradigm Font Size: 20 points, bold, font color is dark gray. Overall Timeline: Text: Draw a horizontal arrow across the entire diagram below the title. Labels: Label "Stage 1", "Stage 2", "Stage 3", "Stage 4" equidistantly above the arrow, and label virtual times such as "M1-M6", "M7-M12", etc. Arrow Style: 2 points thick, black. ## Part 2: Stage 1 - Calculation Position: Below "Stage 1" of the overall timeline. Structure: Divided into four layers vertically. Layer 1: Stage Title Bar Text: Stage 1: Theoretical Calculation and Mechanism Elucidation Font Size: 22 points, white, bold. Background: Dark blue rectangle, width equal to the stage content. Layer 2: Core Methods Text: [Core Methods] DFT | First Principles | Molecular Dynamics Font Size: 16 points, bold. Style: Light blue rounded rectangle, centered text. Layer 3: Research Content (three boxes in parallel) Box 1: Title: A-site Ion Substitution Content: A₄PbCl₆ Calculation Font Size: Title 14 points bold, content 12 points. Box 2: Title: B-site Ion Doping Content: Sb³⁺ Doping Font Size: Same as above. Box 3: Title: Theoretical Prediction Content: Dielectric Function; Absorption Spectrum Font Size: Same as above. Style: White box, thin black border, left-aligned layout. Layer 4: Stage Goals and Key Technologies Illustration Left Half - Stage Goal Box: Text: [Stage Goal] Reveal the intrinsic physical mechanism and establish a theoretical model of the "structure-property" relationship. Font Size: 15 points, white, bold. Style: Green rounded rectangle. Right Half - Key Technology/Theoretical Diagram Schematic Box: Title: Figure 1: Band Structure of A₄PbCl₆ System Content: [Place a virtual band diagram here, labeling band gap values Eg1, Eg2...]. Font Size: Figure title 12 points, virtual text in the figure 10 points. Style: Gray background box, slightly thicker border. ## Part 3: Stage 2 - Preparation Position: Immediately to the right of Stage 1, connected by the overall timeline arrow. Structure: Same as Stage 1, four layers vertically. Layer 1: Stage Title Bar Text: Stage 2: Controllable Synthesis Style: Same as before. Layer 2: Core Methods Text: [Core Methods] Modified Hot Injection Method | Re-precipitation Method | Ion Doping Style: Same as before. Layer 3: Research Content (3 boxes in parallel) Box 1: Quantum Dot Synthesis Box 2: Sb³⁺/Bi³⁺ Doped Modified Material Preparation Box 3: Structure and Spectroscopic Characterization (XRD, TEM, PL, UV-Vis), Style and Font Size: Same as Stage 1. Layer 4: Stage Goals and Key Technologies Illustration Left Half - Stage Goal Box: Text: [Stage Goal] Prepare high-purity chlorine-based nanomaterials to achieve precise band gap control. Right Half - Key Technology Illustration Box: Title: Figure 2: Process Flow Chart Content: [Virtual flow chart with steps such as "centrifugal purification"]. Style: Same as before.

Abstract Near real-time and non-destructive monitoring of wheat growth using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a reliable and proven method for effective agricultural management. However, challenges arise when dealing with high-dimensional data and capturing nonlinear variables using conventional methods. This study utilized three models–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Deep Neural Network (DNN), and Random Forest (RF) to handle an array of variables. Key variables include VIS = 22, TFs = 64, initial = 86, and optimal = 26. Instruction A graphical abstract is required for this journal and should be a colorful, eye-catching image that captures the reader's attention. The abstract can be a figure from the manuscript or a mosaic of panels arranged horizontally in landscape format, with the horizontal axis three times longer than the vertical axis. Avoid using figure captions and keep labels inside the figures minimal and in large fonts.

ABSTRACT: Pavement icing presents significant safety and economic challenges, necessitating the development of effective and sustainable anti-icing technologies. This study aims to develop a novel dual-functional asphalt modifier that combines thermal regulation and hydrophobicity to actively inhibit ice formation. To achieve this, tetradecane was microencapsulated within a silica shell via interfacial polymerization to create phase change microcapsules (MPCMs). These MPCMs were then blended with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to produce a composite modifier, which was incorporated into asphalt. The resulting MPCM/PDMS-modified asphalt was comprehensively characterized using thermal analysis, rheometry, fluorescence microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Key findings indicate that the composite modifier simul

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fixed Tooth-Supported Prosthodontics: A Systematic Review Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence is being increasingly integrated into dental practice, especially within fixed prosthodontics. Its application demonstrates potential for improving diagnostic precision, aiding clinical workflows, and enhancing the quality of dental restorations. Nevertheless, despite its increasing adoption, robust and consolidated evidence concerning its efficacy in essential prosthodontic procedures remains limited. Objective: To thoroughly assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based systems in tooth-supported fixed prosthodontics, emphasizing their applications in automated crown design, margin and finish-line identification, crack detection, and the analysis of retention loss in fixed partial dentures. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of

Electrolytic Refining of Copper: A scientific schematic diagram in 16:9 format. The visual style is a high-definition educational vector illustration, rendered as a flat 2D cross-section with subtle depth shading. The color palette includes a white (#FFFFFF) or light grey (#F5F5F5) background; metallic copper orange (#B87333) for copper metal; vibrant translucent blue (#0096FF) for the electrolyte; dark grey/brown sludge (#4A4A4A) for impurities; and black (#000000, sans-serif font) for labels. Clarity is prioritized through a minimalist but detailed approach, ensuring clear separation of components. The scene composition features a rectangular electrolytic tank made of glass or transparent plastic, filled to 75% with the blue electrolyte. Electrodes are present.

Develop a laboratory workflow diagram illustrating the migration testing of chemical substances from recycled PET (rPET) bottles into food simulants, adhering to EN 13130-1 and Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011. The workflow should encompass the following sequential steps: 1. Receipt and inspection of 600 ml food-grade 100% rPET bottles. 2. Filling of bottles with a 3% (w/v) acetic acid solution as a food simulant, employing the article-filling method. 3. Sealing of bottles with Parafilm to mitigate evaporation. 4. Incubation at controlled temperatures of 20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C for a duration of 10 days. 5. Collection of the simulant following the designated migration period. 6. Storage of collected samples at 4 °C prior to analysis. The workflow should be presented as a clear, step-by-step flowchart, with arrows delineating the sequence of operations. Employ professional laboratory terminology and maintain a concise, academic style suitable for inclusion in a scientific thesis or journal article.

The head difference between each power station section is calculated based on high-resolution ground elevation data and the flow data of the main nodes.

A scientific schematic illustration depicting the mechanism of heavy metal immobilization and inhibition of plant uptake. The diagram is presented as a unified whole: the upper section illustrates a healthy maize plant, complete with roots, stem, and leaves; the lower section represents the soil, amended with biochar derived from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and attapulgite clay. Within the soil layer, porous black biochar particles are depicted, containing layered attapulgite clay and mineral components originating from the sludge. The immobilization pathways of six heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni) are illustrated through mechanisms including surface complexation, ion exchange, adsorption within pores, and the formation of insoluble mineral precipitates (e.g., carbonates, phosphates, Fe/Al oxides). These processes are indicated with arrows and descriptive labels. The reduced availability of metal ions in the vicinity of the root zone is displayed. The root hairs of the maize plant absorb a diminished quantity of metals, indicated by short arrows signifying limited uptake. Within the maize root, vacuolar sequestration is symbolized.

Raw materials: Epoxy resin E-51 (epoxy value 0.51 eq/100g, industrial grade), curing agent methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA, industrial grade), accelerator 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI-2,4, analytical grade), continuous basalt fiber (diameter 13μm, tensile strength ≥3500MPa, modulus ≥90GPa), silane coupling agent KH-560 (analytical grade), anhydrous ethanol (analytical grade). Preliminary preparation: Basalt fibers were cut into 10cm short fibers, soaked in anhydrous ethanol for 30min to remove oil, dried in an 80℃ oven for 2h to remove moisture, and sealed for later use. Fiber surface modification: A single-factor variable experiment was used to optimize KH-560. The key parameters were coupling agent concentration (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% by volume), modification temperature (40℃, 60℃, 80℃), and modification time (1h, 2h, 3h). The implementation process was as follows: KH-560 ethanol solution was prepared according to the concentration and ultrasonically dispersed for 10min. The pretreated fibers were placed in the solution and stirred at 100r/min at the set temperature. After the reaction, the fibers were washed three times with anhydrous ethanol, dried in a 100℃ oven for 3h, and sealed for preservation. Characterization was performed using FT-IR to analyze functional groups, SEM to observe morphology, and a contact angle measuring instrument to test hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Composite material preparation: The mass ratio of epoxy resin to curing agent was 100:80, the amount of accelerator was 2% of the mass of epoxy resin, and the fiber content was 10wt%-25wt%. Orthogonal experiment L₁₆(4³) was used for process optimization. The influencing factors were fiber content (10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%), curing temperature (60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃), and curing time (2h, 3h, 4h, 5h). The evaluation indexes were tensile strength and impact strength. The preparation process was as follows: the materials were weighed according to the formula and mixed by stirring in a 60℃ oil bath for 30min to prepare the resin matrix. The modified fibers were added according to the content and mechanically stirred at 300r/min for 20min, followed by ultrasonic dispersion for 15min. The mixture was poured into a mold coated with mold release agent (150mm×100mm×4mm) and cured under 5MPa pressure in a hot press according to the set conditions. After cooling and demolding, the blank material was obtained. Tensile, impact, and bending specimens were processed according to the standards to remove burrs and defects. Performance testing: For mechanical properties, 5 specimens were tested in each group and the average value was taken. Tensile properties were tested according to GB/T1447-2005 using a universal testing machine. Impact properties were tested according to GB/T1451-2005 using a simple supported beam impact testing machine (impact energy 5J). Bending properties were tested according to GB/T1449-2005 using a bending testing machine. Microstructure analysis: SEM was used to observe fiber surface roughness and interface bonding. FT-IR was used to test the wave number from 4000-400cm⁻¹. TGA was used to test aging damage in a nitrogen atmosphere from 30-800℃. Aging resistance test: Treatment methods included thermal aging at 100℃ with time gradients of 0h, 200h, 400h, 600h, 800h, and 1000h, and hygrothermal aging at 85℃ and 85% relative humidity with the same time gradients.

A Transwell image, 6-well plate.

The figure is divided into three main parts: (A) Soil Amendment and Heavy Metal Passivation Mechanisms Composition of Composite Amendments: Sludge (provides organic matter, humic acid, and nutrient sources) Attapulgite Clay (possesses numerous layered structures and surface hydroxyl groups, providing adsorption and ion exchange sites) Biochar (carbon source, surface functional groups –COOH, –OH, –C=O, pore structure can adsorb metal ions) Main Action Pathways: Physical Adsorption and Fixation: Biochar pores and attapulgite interlayer pores adsorb heavy metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺. Ion Exchange and Surface Complexation: Si–OH and Mg–OH on the surface of attapulgite form coordination bonds with metal ions; oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of biochar form stable complexes with heavy metals. Precipitation and Mineralization: Phosphate and carbonate released from sludge form insoluble salts with heavy metals (e.g., Cu₃(PO₄)₂, PbCO₃, CdS, etc.). Changes in pH and CEC: Amendments increase soil pH and cation exchange capacity, reducing the proportion of soluble forms of heavy metals. Enhanced Microbial Activity: Sludge and biochar promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, which can further passivate heavy metals through biosorption or biotransformation. Results (indicated by arrows in the figure): Decrease in water-soluble and exchangeable heavy metal concentrations Increase in the proportion of residual and carbonate-bound heavy metals Overall performance shows reduced bioavailability (B) Absorption and Barrier Mechanisms in the Maize Rhizosphere Root Surface Layers Exhibit: The root hair zone can adsorb a small amount of heavy metals, but they are bound and passivated by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Rhizosphere secretions (organic acids, mucilage, GRPs) synergize with amendments to form metal-organic complexes, reducing the concentration of active ions entering cells. Cell Wall and Membrane Barriers: Metal ions are mostly bound by –COOH and –OH groups on the cell wall. The expression of metal ion transporters (such as ZIP, HMA families) on the plasma membrane is downregulated under low metal availability. Intracellularly released organic acids (such as citric acid, malic acid) form chelates with metals or enter vacuoles for sequestration. In Vivo Transport Pathways: Decrease in the transfer coefficient from root → stem → leaf. Root cells sequester heavy metals in vacuoles. Aboveground parts are mainly transported through symplastic pathways, with a significantly reduced proportion. (C) Quantitative Arrows and Effects After amendment, the arrow points from “active heavy metals → insoluble complexes/mineralized forms” direction. Soil effective metal ↓ (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni) Root uptake ↓ Shoot/Grain translocation ↓ Final Display: Reduced heavy metal mobility and bioavailability → Enhanced maize growth & lower food-chain risk III. Drawing Suggestions Background layering: Maize plants above, root system below, rhizosphere area in the middle, composite amendments and soil layer below. Different colors can be used

A stereoscopic diagram showing the flight paths of multiple eVTOL drones.

First, the fibers are pretreated. Basalt fibers are cut into short fibers of 10cm length, soaked in anhydrous ethanol for 30min to remove surface oil, and then dried in an 80℃ oven for 2h for later use. KH-560 ethanol solutions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%) are prepared according to the set concentration, stirred evenly, and poured into a three-necked flask, followed by ultrasonic dispersion for 10min to ensure uniform dispersion of the coupling agent. After completing the above preparation, the dried basalt fibers are placed in the flask and reacted at a set temperature (40℃, 60℃, 80℃) with a stirring speed of 100r/min for a certain time (1h, 2h, 3h). After the reaction, the fibers are taken out, washed 3 times with anhydrous ethanol to remove unreacted coupling agent, and then dried in a 100℃ oven for 3h to obtain modified basalt fibers, which are sealed and stored for later use. First, the resin matrix is prepared. Epoxy resin E-51, curing agent MTHPA, and accelerator EMI-2,4 are weighed according to the formula ratio, and stirred and mixed in a 60℃ oil bath for 30min to obtain a uniform resin matrix. Then, the modified basalt fibers are added to the resin matrix according to the set content (10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%), mechanically stirred (speed 300r/min) for 20min, and then ultrasonically dispersed for 15min to ensure that the fibers are evenly dispersed in the resin matrix and avoid agglomeration. Then, the mixed material is poured into a mold (150mm×100mm×4mm) pre-coated with a release agent, placed in a hot press, and cured at a pressure of 5MPa according to the set curing temperature (60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃) and curing time (2h, 3h, 4h, 5h). After curing, it is naturally cooled to room temperature, demolded to obtain BF/EP composite material samples, which are processed into tensile, impact, and bending samples according to the test standards, and burrs and defects on the sample surface are removed.

Style: Clean scientific schematic with a white background, minimal text, and flat vector icons arranged horizontally. Left-to-right flow, emphasizing a scientific approach with no legends and concise text. Layout: Two connected panels: Stage 1 (left) transitions to Stage 2 (right). Stage 1: Electro-Assisted Dark Fermentation (DFMEC). A single anaerobic reactor contains an anode and cathode, connected to a power supply illustrating electron flow from anode to cathode. Inputs: Food waste (C-rich), swine manure (N-rich), optimized C/N ratio, and self-buffering. Inside the reactor: Mixed fermentation broth and SCG-derived biochar coated with a redox-active polymer. Short label: "Zoom in showing Redox-engineered SCG–PEDOT biochar." Key functions (icons): Electron shuttling / DIET. Electrode potential control → NADH/NAD⁺ regulation, indicating that a higher ratio enhances H₂ production, while a lower ratio enhances VFA production. Outputs: H₂ gas (bubbles leaving the reactor). Effluent arrow labeled: "VFA-rich (acetate)". Stage 2: Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC).

Please create a set of four scientific-style mind maps with a clean, logical structure and a white background. These four mind maps should be arranged on a single 16:9 canvas with a 2K resolution. The content is in Simplified Chinese, translated below: Mind Map 1: Four-Quadrant Value Layering Model: In the initial planning of projects and selection of partners, we utilize a four-quadrant analysis to establish an evaluation model. The quadrants are: 1) Strategic Endorsement Layer (Professionalism/Industry Recognition), 2) Business Radiation Layer (Layout/Scope), 3) Technological Foresight Layer (AIGC/Forward-looking), and 4) Implementation Synergy Layer (Mechanism/Compatibility). This model addresses issues raised during the evaluation phase concerning partners, such as "export premium," "localization and diversity," "teaching lag," and "execution efficiency," thereby improving the accuracy of decision-making. Mind Map 2: Six-in-One "Full-Link" Closed-Loop Thinking Model: "Lectures - Courses - Training Camps - Competitions - Internships/Fellowships - Employment/Transformation." We must avoid creating "one-off" activities. Each project must have not only a beginning but also a result and an extension. In matrix projects, lectures serve as the entry point, and employment is the exit. Courses and competitions are used for screening and cultivation, while fellowships deepen understanding and facilitate selection. This "full-link" design ensures that every investment generates the maximum educational return. Mind Map 3: Productization and Standardization Thinking Model: To achieve scalable expansion without compromising quality, non-standard services must be transformed into standardized products. This year, we have "standardized" the activity process, teaching syllabus, evaluation criteria, and promotional templates, turning individual activities into reusable "product packages." This enables us to rapidly replicate high-quality workshops in multiple schools, and seamlessly connect competition entries with subsequent corporate events such as the "New Vision Matrix Horizontal National College Student AIGC Spatial Design Competition," as well as related interviews, internships, and employment opportunities. Mind Map 4: Value Visualization Thinking Model: The outcomes of education are often implicit, but the value of the industry academy must be made explicit. We use platforms such as the *TORCH* journal, online portfolio websites, industry academy competitions, graduation certificates, and corporate offer letters to "visualize" students' growth trajectories and teaching outcomes. This not only makes students visible but also allows the academy's teaching reform achievements to be recognized by the industry and society.

APPROVED Category: Biomedical Translation: Schematic diagram of a two-stage bioprocess for enhanced hydrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from organic waste. The diagram features a clean, scientific style with a white background, minimal text, and flat vector icons, illustrating a left-to-right flow. Stage 1: Electro-Assisted Dark Fermentation (DFMEC) A single anaerobic reactor containing an anode and cathode connected to a power supply, indicating electron flow from anode to cathode. Inputs include carbon-rich food waste and nitrogen-rich swine manure. The reactor contains a mixed fermentation broth and redox-engineered biochar composed of spent coffee grounds (SCG) coated with a redox-active polymer (PEDOT). A zoomed-in view highlights the redox-engineered SCG–PEDOT biochar. Key functions: * Electron shuttling / Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET) * Electrode potential control regulating the NADH/NAD+ ratio, where a higher ratio enhances H2 production and a lower ratio enhances VFA production. Outputs: * H2 gas (bubbles leaving the reactor) * Effluent stream labeled "VFA-rich (acetate)" Stage 2: Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) A two-chamber MEC separated by a membrane. The anode chamber contains an acetate-oxidizing biofilm and exoelectrogenic microorganisms.