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2.3.1 Control of Roasting Temperature and Time The roasting temperature is the most critical factor determining the final consolidation strength of the pellets. An appropriate roasting temperature (typically between 1200-1250°C) promotes the recrystallization of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) into hematite (Fe₂O₃) within the pellets, forming a dense interlocked crystal structure, thereby imparting sufficient mechanical strength to the pellets. If the temperature is too low, consolidation is insufficient, leading to inadequate pellet strength. If the temperature is too high, over-melting may occur, causing liquid phase adhesion of the pellets, which deteriorates the permeability of the burden, increases energy consumption and FeO content, and reduces the reducibility of the pellets. Temperature control is primarily achieved by directly adjusting the gas flow rate and indirectly by adjusting the combustion air volume and the temperature and air volume of each wind box. However, strong coupling relationships exist between these variables, and adjusting one parameter often affects others. This requires the control system to have a high degree of coordination and precision, a process that often relies on various data analysis methods. For example, Liu Piliang et al. studied the roasting temperature of a Baotou Steel 624m2 D-L type belt roasting machine and found, through correlation analysis using SPSS and regression analysis using MATLAB, that the factors significantly affecting the roasting temperature were the temperature of the 14# hood and the temperature of the 14# wind box. In actual production, the temperature of each burner is adjusted to ensure that each process section of the pellet roasting process reaches the required temperature and temperature gradient. Therefore, accurate and stable control of the roasting machine temperature is crucial for improving the roasting process and the quality of the pellets. [1] Yu Haizhao, Liao Jiyong, Fan Xiaohui. Application and Research Progress of Pellet Technology in Belt Roasting Machine [J]. Sintering Pellet, 2020, 45(04):47-54+70. DOI:10.13403/j.sjqt.2020.04.054. The roasting time is determined by the length of the belt roasting machine and the running speed of the trolley. The faster the machine speed, the higher the output, but the shorter the residence time in each process section. The machine speed must be matched with the thermal regime to ensure that the pellets complete all necessary physical and chemical changes within a limited time. Frequent adjustments to the machine speed indicate production instability. Ideally, a constant machine speed is maintained under a stable thermal regime. The roasting machine transmission system typically includes a motor, reducer, and drive shaft. The reliability of each component directly affects the smooth operation of the trolley, including the conveyor belt and drive drum. Equipment failures can cause fluctuations in operating conditions and, in severe cases, can lead to the shutdown of the entire transmission system. 2.3.2 Setting of Furnace Atmosphere, Air Speed, and Air Volume The process air system is the "respiratory system" of the belt roasting machine, responsible for transporting heat, controlling the atmosphere, and removing exhaust gas. Therefore, the failure and shutdown of any fan will have a very serious impact on the entire roasting process. In particular, problems with the cooling fan and main induced draft fan are likely to cause the roasting machine temperature to become too high, leading to serious equipment damage. [1] Chang Tao. Functional Overview of Process Air Fans in Belt Roasting Machine [J]. Shanxi Metallurgy, 2016, 39(04):116-117. DOI:10.16525/j.cnki.cn14-1167/tf

This document describes the creation of an abstract vector art flowchart illustrating a six-step sequential process. The desired style is minimalistic, modern, and icon-based, employing a limited color palette of technological blues, neutral grays, and a single accent color such as green or orange. Each step is to be clearly represented by an icon or symbol, connected to the subsequent step via smooth, flowing arrows. The steps are as follows: 1. **Weighing CNT:** Depict a high-precision digital analytical balance displaying a value of `0.15 g`. Black CNT particles should be visible on the weighing pan. 2. **Adding to Solvent:** Show a glass beaker containing a blue liquid (representing distilled water). Black CNT particles are illustrated falling from a weighing spatula into the beaker. The volume `30 mL` should be indicated next to the beaker. 3. **Probe Sonication:** Illustrate a probe sonicator device with the probe tip immersed in the liquid. Ultrasonic waves should be abstractly represented.

This document describes the creation of an abstract vector art flowchart illustrating a six-step sequential process. The desired style is minimalistic, modern, and icon-based, employing a limited color palette of technological blues, neutral grays, and a single accent color such as green or orange. Each step is to be clearly represented by an icon or symbol, connected to the subsequent step via smooth, flowing arrows. The steps are as follows: 1. **Weighing CNT:** Represented by a symbol of a high-precision digital analytical balance displaying a value of `0.15 g`. Black CNT particles should be visible on the weighing pan, indicating the transfer from paper to a beaker. 2. **Adding to Solvent:** A glass beaker containing a blue liquid, symbolizing distilled water. Black CNT particles are depicted falling from a weighing spatula into the beaker. The volume `30 mL` should be indicated adjacent to the beaker. 3. **Probe Sonication:** Symbolized by a probe sonicator device with the probe tip immersed in the liquid. Ultrasonic waves should be abstractly represented.

A green composite photothermal oil-absorbing material made of polyaniline and cuttlebone is irradiated by the sun on an oil-spill-affected sea surface. The material heats up, melts the solid oil, and then adsorbs it.

The mechanism of a green composite photothermal oil-absorbing material made of polyaniline and cuttlebone is described. Upon solar irradiation on an oil spill at sea, the material heats up, melting the solid oil, which is then adsorbed. The microstructure of the cuttlebone exhibits a regular square pore structure.

A schematic diagram illustrating the synthesis of a polyaniline/cuttlebone composite material is presented. The specific experimental steps are as follows: (1) Pretreatment of Raw Materials: The raw cuttlebone material is initially immersed in a 25% ethanol solution to remove impurities. Subsequently, the material is rinsed multiple times with distilled water to eliminate any residual ethanol. The purified cuttlebone material is then dried in a 40°C constant temperature drying oven for 24 hours to obtain a dry and pure material, preparing it for subsequent composite formation. Afterwards, the cuttlebone is immersed in a 3.2g/L dopamine solution in 10 mM Tris buffer within a suction flask, vacuumed, and soaked for 6 hours. (2) Synthesis of Polyaniline/Cuttlebone Composite: 150 mL of deionized water, 2 mL of aniline, and 12 g of boric acid are sequentially added to a 250 mL round-bottom flask and stirred for 1 hour to obtain solution A. Next, 5 g of ammonium persulfate is dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water to obtain solution B. Finally, 5 g of the purified cuttlebone and solution B are added to solution A, vacuumed for 0.5 hours, and allowed to stand for 12 hours. After standing, the sample solution is filtered using a vacuum pump and washed multiple times with deionized water and ethanol to remove unreacted aniline salts and other impurities. The resulting solid product is then placed in a petri dish to air dry naturally until completely dry, yielding the composite material. (3) PDMS/PANI Modification: A specific amount of polydimethylsiloxane prepolymer and curing agent are added to ethyl acetate at a weight ratio of 10:1 and stirred thoroughly to form a homogeneous solution (2 mg/mL). The PANI-modified cuttlebone is then immersed in the solution for 10 minutes. Finally, the modified sponge is cured at 100 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The experimental flowchart should be concise.

A schematic diagram illustrating the synthesis of a polyaniline/cuttlebone composite material. The specific experimental steps are as follows: (1) Pretreatment of raw materials, including impurity removal and polydopamine coating: First, the dried cuttlebone material is immersed in a 25% ethanol solution to remove non-target substances from the raw material. Then, the immersed material is repeatedly rinsed with distilled water to ensure the removal of any residual ethanol solution. Finally, the purified cuttlebone material is dried in a 40 °C constant temperature drying oven for 24 h to obtain dry and pure cuttlebone material, preparing it for subsequent composite formation. Subsequently, the cuttlebone is immersed in a 3.2 g/L dopamine solution in 10 mM Tris buffer within a suction flask, vacuumed, and soaked for 6 hours. (2) Synthesis of the Polyaniline/Cuttlebone Composite: Add 150 mL of deionized water, 2 mL of aniline, and 12 g of boric acid sequentially to a 250 mL round-bottom flask, and stir for 1 h to obtain solution A. Next, dissolve 5 g of ammonium persulfate in 10 mL of deionized water to obtain solution B. Finally, weigh 5 g of the purified cuttlebone and add it along with solution B to solution A. Apply vacuum for 0.5 h, then allow to stand for 12 h. After standing, filter the sample solution using a vacuum pump and wash it repeatedly with deionized water and ethanol solution to remove unreacted aniline salts and other impurities. After washing, place the resulting solid product in a Petri dish and allow it to air dry naturally. Once the solid is dry, the composite material is obtained. (3) PDMS/PANI Modification: A certain amount of polydimethylsiloxane prepolymer and curing agent are added to ethyl acetate at a weight ratio of 10:1 and stirred thoroughly to form a homogeneous solution (2 mg/mL). Then, the PANI-modified cuttlebone is immersed in the above solution for 10 min. Finally, the modified sponge is cured at 100 degrees Celsius for 1 h.

Schematic diagram of a moisture-wicking fabric, showing rapid spreading of moisture through grooves on the fibers and channels between the fibers, diffusing outwards. The image should be simple and elegant, with minimal color difference and text.

As an expert in scientific illustration, create a scientific journal abstract figure in the style of top journals such as *Nature* or *Nature Materials*. The image should be connected by a "technical evolution arrow" running from the bottom left to the top right. The overall background should be a clean, light gray gradient. The style should be high-precision 3D scientific visualization, with accurate atomic/molecular structures, realistic material textures, and a minimalist yet technological feel. Use a coordinated color scheme: warm orange/red tones for the problem panel, blue/cyan tones for the mechanism panel, and green/purple tones for the solution panel. * **Top Left: MEMS Device Friction and Wear Failure:** A detailed 3D cross-sectional view of a silicon-based MEMS device, with a magnified view of the contact interface between two movable micro-components (micro-beams). Show "friction" and "wear" effects at the contact interface. * **Bottom Left: Hydration Lubrication Mechanism:** The upper part shows a silicon substrate surface grafted with dense, mushroom-shaped zwitterionic polymer brushes (poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate), PSBMA). The ends of the polymer brushes have positive and negative charge centers (represented by "+" and "-" spheres). Around the polymer brushes, draw a thin layer of blue translucent water molecules (H2O) in a ball-and-stick model, forming a thin "hydration layer". The hydration layer deforms under the pressure of the micro-beam, and water molecules are squeezed out at the compressed location. * **Right: Ionic Liquid Enhanced Lubrication Mechanism:** The upper part also shows a substrate grafted with polymer brushes. Show three types of brushes side by side: zwitterionic brushes (PSBMA), cationic brushes (poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride), PMETAC), and anionic brushes (poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt), PSPMA). Distinguish each brush with slightly different colors and charge labels. Around the brushes, positively charged imidazolium cations ([BMIM]+) and negatively charged hexafluorophosphate anions ([PF6]-) are strongly attracted and enriched by the oppositely charged polymer brush sites. These ionic liquid molecules are closely and orderly arranged, forming a thick, dense, and colorful "ionic liquid lubrication layer" that completely fills the contact gap. The ionic liquid layer deforms slightly under the pressure of the micro-beam, and the ionic liquid layer remains continuous at the compressed location. * **Bottom (Experimental Validation):** Place a simple line graph with "Load" or "Time" on the X-axis and "Coefficient of Friction" on the Y-axis. Show two lines: a high, fluctuating line (labeled "Water Lubrication") and a significantly lower and flatter line (labeled "Ionic Liquid Lubrication"). * **Icons and Legends:** Add a simple legend at the bottom to explain the meaning of molecules, charges, and data plots.

Generate a schematic diagram of the wetting gradient effect. The difference in hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the two sides of the fabric can be used to construct a wetting gradient structure. When the inside of the fabric is hydrophobic and the outside is hydrophilic, the capillary force of the hydrophilic outer layer can drive moisture to pass through the hydrophobic inner layer. Furthermore, the hydrophobic inner layer repels moisture, increasing the driving force, causing the moisture to directionally transport outward without the application of external force.

A schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism of a moisture-wicking fabric, designed with differential capillary action. This fabric consists of two layers with a coarse-to-fine fiber structure from the inside to the outside. This structure creates differences in fiber fineness and pore size, facilitating moisture diffusion from the inner layer to the outer layer, followed by evaporation.

You are required to create a detailed vector art flowchart and graphical abstract illustrating a multi-step laboratory process for preparing and coating a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion solution onto a fabric sample. Follow these instructions precisely: 1. Step 1: Depict a precise digital balance being used to weigh 0.15 grams of CNT powder. 2. Step 2: Show a beaker containing 30 mL of distilled water to which the CNT powder is added. 3. Step 3: Illustrate a probe-type ultrasonic device operating at 150 watts, dispersing CNT particles evenly in the water. Emphasize the uniform suspension of CNT particles in the solution. 4. Step 4: Represent the fabric sample immersed in the CNT dispersion within the beaker, which is placed on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. Illustrate the sequential coating cycles, clearly showing a thin CNT layer depositing on the fabric's surface. 5. Step 5: Graphically depict placing the coated fabric inside an oven set...

APPROVED. This document outlines a multi-step laboratory process for preparing and coating a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion solution onto a fabric sample, suitable for illustration as a vector art flowchart and graphical abstract. The process includes: 1) Weighing 0.15 grams of CNT powder using a digital balance. 2) Adding the CNT powder to 30 mL of distilled water in a beaker. 3) Dispersing the CNT particles in the water using a probe-type ultrasonic device operating at 150 watts, ensuring uniform suspension. 4) Immersing the fabric sample in the CNT dispersion within the beaker, placed on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature, and illustrating sequential coating cycles with a thin CNT layer depositing on the fabric surface. 5) Placing the coated fabric inside an oven.

APPROVED. This document outlines a multi-step laboratory procedure for preparing and coating a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion solution onto a fabric sample. The process involves: 1) Weighing 0.15 grams of CNT powder using a digital balance. 2) Adding the CNT powder to 30 mL of distilled water in a beaker. 3) Sonicating the mixture using a probe-type ultrasonic device at 150 watts to achieve uniform dispersion of CNT particles in the water. 4) Immersing the fabric sample in the CNT dispersion within the beaker, which is placed on a magnetic stirrer at room temperature, illustrating sequential coating cycles and the deposition of a thin CNT layer on the fabric surface. 5) Placing the coated fabric inside an oven.

## Part 1: Top Title and Overall Paradigm Position: At the top of the technology roadmap, centered. Content: Main Title: Text: Research Roadmap of Photodetectors Font Size: 28 points, bold. Subtitle/Research Paradigm: Text: "Calculation-Preparation-Construction-Design" Four-in-One Research Paradigm Font Size: 20 points, bold, font color is dark gray. Overall Timeline: Text: Draw a horizontal arrow across the entire diagram below the title. Labels: Label "Stage 1", "Stage 2", "Stage 3", "Stage 4" equidistantly above the arrow, and label virtual times such as "M1-M6", "M7-M12", etc. Arrow Style: 2 points thick, black. ## Part 2: Stage 1 - Calculation Position: Below "Stage 1" of the overall timeline. Structure: Divided into four layers vertically. Layer 1: Stage Title Bar Text: Stage 1: Theoretical Calculation and Mechanism Elucidation Font Size: 22 points, white, bold. Background: Dark blue rectangle, width equal to the stage content. Layer 2: Core Methods Text: [Core Methods] DFT | First Principles | Molecular Dynamics Font Size: 16 points, bold. Style: Light blue rounded rectangle, centered text. Layer 3: Research Content (three boxes in parallel) Box 1: Title: A-site Ion Substitution Content: A₄PbCl₆ Calculation Font Size: Title 14 points bold, content 12 points. Box 2: Title: B-site Ion Doping Content: Sb³⁺ Doping Font Size: Same as above. Box 3: Title: Theoretical Prediction Content: Dielectric Function; Absorption Spectrum Font Size: Same as above. Style: White box, thin black border, left-aligned layout. Layer 4: Stage Goals and Key Technologies Illustration Left Half - Stage Goal Box: Text: [Stage Goal] Reveal the intrinsic physical mechanism and establish a theoretical model of the "structure-property" relationship. Font Size: 15 points, white, bold. Style: Green rounded rectangle. Right Half - Key Technology/Theoretical Diagram Schematic Box: Title: Figure 1: Band Structure of A₄PbCl₆ System Content: [Place a virtual band diagram here, labeling band gap values Eg1, Eg2...]. Font Size: Figure title 12 points, virtual text in the figure 10 points. Style: Gray background box, slightly thicker border. ## Part 3: Stage 2 - Preparation Position: Immediately to the right of Stage 1, connected by the overall timeline arrow. Structure: Same as Stage 1, four layers vertically. Layer 1: Stage Title Bar Text: Stage 2: Controllable Synthesis Style: Same as before. Layer 2: Core Methods Text: [Core Methods] Modified Hot Injection Method | Re-precipitation Method | Ion Doping Style: Same as before. Layer 3: Research Content (3 boxes in parallel) Box 1: Quantum Dot Synthesis Box 2: Sb³⁺/Bi³⁺ Doped Modified Material Preparation Box 3: Structure and Spectroscopic Characterization (XRD, TEM, PL, UV-Vis), Style and Font Size: Same as Stage 1. Layer 4: Stage Goals and Key Technologies Illustration Left Half - Stage Goal Box: Text: [Stage Goal] Prepare high-purity chlorine-based nanomaterials to achieve precise band gap control. Right Half - Key Technology Illustration Box: Title: Figure 2: Process Flow Chart Content: [Virtual flow chart with steps such as "centrifugal purification"]. Style: Same as before.

ABSTRACT: Pavement icing presents significant safety and economic challenges, necessitating the development of effective and sustainable anti-icing technologies. This study aims to develop a novel dual-functional asphalt modifier that combines thermal regulation and hydrophobicity to actively inhibit ice formation. To achieve this, tetradecane was microencapsulated within a silica shell via interfacial polymerization to create phase change microcapsules (MPCMs). These MPCMs were then blended with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to produce a composite modifier, which was incorporated into asphalt. The resulting MPCM/PDMS-modified asphalt was comprehensively characterized using thermal analysis, rheometry, fluorescence microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Key findings indicate that the composite modifier simul

Raw materials: Epoxy resin E-51 (epoxy value 0.51 eq/100g, industrial grade), curing agent methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA, industrial grade), accelerator 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI-2,4, analytical grade), continuous basalt fiber (diameter 13μm, tensile strength ≥3500MPa, modulus ≥90GPa), silane coupling agent KH-560 (analytical grade), anhydrous ethanol (analytical grade). Preliminary preparation: Basalt fibers were cut into 10cm short fibers, soaked in anhydrous ethanol for 30min to remove oil, dried in an 80℃ oven for 2h to remove moisture, and sealed for later use. Fiber surface modification: A single-factor variable experiment was used to optimize KH-560. The key parameters were coupling agent concentration (1%, 3%, 5%, 7% by volume), modification temperature (40℃, 60℃, 80℃), and modification time (1h, 2h, 3h). The implementation process was as follows: KH-560 ethanol solution was prepared according to the concentration and ultrasonically dispersed for 10min. The pretreated fibers were placed in the solution and stirred at 100r/min at the set temperature. After the reaction, the fibers were washed three times with anhydrous ethanol, dried in a 100℃ oven for 3h, and sealed for preservation. Characterization was performed using FT-IR to analyze functional groups, SEM to observe morphology, and a contact angle measuring instrument to test hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Composite material preparation: The mass ratio of epoxy resin to curing agent was 100:80, the amount of accelerator was 2% of the mass of epoxy resin, and the fiber content was 10wt%-25wt%. Orthogonal experiment L₁₆(4³) was used for process optimization. The influencing factors were fiber content (10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%), curing temperature (60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃), and curing time (2h, 3h, 4h, 5h). The evaluation indexes were tensile strength and impact strength. The preparation process was as follows: the materials were weighed according to the formula and mixed by stirring in a 60℃ oil bath for 30min to prepare the resin matrix. The modified fibers were added according to the content and mechanically stirred at 300r/min for 20min, followed by ultrasonic dispersion for 15min. The mixture was poured into a mold coated with mold release agent (150mm×100mm×4mm) and cured under 5MPa pressure in a hot press according to the set conditions. After cooling and demolding, the blank material was obtained. Tensile, impact, and bending specimens were processed according to the standards to remove burrs and defects. Performance testing: For mechanical properties, 5 specimens were tested in each group and the average value was taken. Tensile properties were tested according to GB/T1447-2005 using a universal testing machine. Impact properties were tested according to GB/T1451-2005 using a simple supported beam impact testing machine (impact energy 5J). Bending properties were tested according to GB/T1449-2005 using a bending testing machine. Microstructure analysis: SEM was used to observe fiber surface roughness and interface bonding. FT-IR was used to test the wave number from 4000-400cm⁻¹. TGA was used to test aging damage in a nitrogen atmosphere from 30-800℃. Aging resistance test: Treatment methods included thermal aging at 100℃ with time gradients of 0h, 200h, 400h, 600h, 800h, and 1000h, and hygrothermal aging at 85℃ and 85% relative humidity with the same time gradients.

First, the fibers are pretreated. Basalt fibers are cut into short fibers of 10cm length, soaked in anhydrous ethanol for 30min to remove surface oil, and then dried in an 80℃ oven for 2h for later use. KH-560 ethanol solutions (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%) are prepared according to the set concentration, stirred evenly, and poured into a three-necked flask, followed by ultrasonic dispersion for 10min to ensure uniform dispersion of the coupling agent. After completing the above preparation, the dried basalt fibers are placed in the flask and reacted at a set temperature (40℃, 60℃, 80℃) with a stirring speed of 100r/min for a certain time (1h, 2h, 3h). After the reaction, the fibers are taken out, washed 3 times with anhydrous ethanol to remove unreacted coupling agent, and then dried in a 100℃ oven for 3h to obtain modified basalt fibers, which are sealed and stored for later use. First, the resin matrix is prepared. Epoxy resin E-51, curing agent MTHPA, and accelerator EMI-2,4 are weighed according to the formula ratio, and stirred and mixed in a 60℃ oil bath for 30min to obtain a uniform resin matrix. Then, the modified basalt fibers are added to the resin matrix according to the set content (10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt%), mechanically stirred (speed 300r/min) for 20min, and then ultrasonically dispersed for 15min to ensure that the fibers are evenly dispersed in the resin matrix and avoid agglomeration. Then, the mixed material is poured into a mold (150mm×100mm×4mm) pre-coated with a release agent, placed in a hot press, and cured at a pressure of 5MPa according to the set curing temperature (60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃) and curing time (2h, 3h, 4h, 5h). After curing, it is naturally cooled to room temperature, demolded to obtain BF/EP composite material samples, which are processed into tensile, impact, and bending samples according to the test standards, and burrs and defects on the sample surface are removed.

This study aims to: (1) identify green solvents for the fabrication of two-dimensional perovskite thin films; (2) prepare a conversion solution based on green solvents; (3) optimize the parameters for two-dimensional to three-dimensional perovskite conversion; (4) analyze the resulting two-dimensional and three-dimensional perovskite thin films; and (5) fabricate and analyze solar cell devices.

Tensile Property Testing: The testing method was performed according to GB/T 1447-2005, "Test method for tensile properties of fiber-reinforced plastics", using a universal testing machine at a tensile rate of 2 mm/min and a gauge length of 50 mm. Each group was tested with 5 specimens, and the average value was taken. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the ability of BF/EP composites to resist tensile failure and to analyze the influence of different preparation processes on tensile strength and elongation at break. Impact Property Testing: The testing method was performed according to GB/T 1451-2005, "Test method for Izod impact strength of fiber-reinforced plastics", using an Izod impact testing machine with an impact energy of 5J and unnotched specimens. Each group was tested with 5 specimens, and the average value was taken. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the impact toughness of BF/EP composites and to explore the influence of fiber modification and content on the impact properties of the material. Flexural Property Testing: The testing method was performed according to GB/T 1449-2005, "Test method for flexural properties of fiber-reinforced plastics", using a flexural testing machine at a bending rate of 2 mm/min and a span of 80 mm. Each group was tested with 5 specimens, and the average value was taken as the final result. The purpose of the test was to evaluate the flexural strength and flexural modulus of BF/EP composites and to analyze the deformation and failure behavior of the material under bending loads. Aging Resistance Testing: The thermal aging test method was performed according to GB/T 7141-2008, "Plastics - Methods of exposure to hot air", placing the specimens in a 100°C oven and aging them for the set times, then removing them to cool to room temperature before testing the tensile strength. The hygrothermal aging test method was performed according to GB/T 1034-2008, "Determination of water absorption of plastics" and GB/T 1446-2005, "General rules for testing methods of fiber-reinforced plastics", placing the specimens in a hygrothermal aging chamber (85°C, 85% relative humidity) and aging them for different times before testing the tensile strength. The UV-hygrothermal composite aging test was performed with reference to GB/T 16422.2-2022, "Plastics - Laboratory exposure to light sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps". The purpose of the test was to investigate the performance degradation law of BF/EP composites in hot and humid environments and to evaluate their aging resistance stability. Microstructure Analysis: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed by sputter-coating the basalt fibers before and after modification, the tensile fracture surface of the composite material, and the fracture surface samples of the aged composite material with gold. The surface morphology and fracture structure were observed using SEM to analyze the fiber surface roughness, the interfacial bonding state between the fiber and the matrix, the interfacial debonding after aging, and the fiber fracture morphology. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was performed by using the KBr pellet method on the basalt fibers before and after modification and the epoxy resin matrix before and after aging, in the wavenumber range of 4000-400 cm⁻¹, to analyze the changes in surface functional groups of the fibers before and after modification and the changes in the chemical structure of the epoxy resin matrix before and after aging. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on the BF/EP composite materials before and after aging in a nitrogen atmosphere.

This is a cross-sectional electron microscopy image of a laser-clad coating exhibiting an exquisite multi-level heterostructure, profoundly demonstrating the results of phase transformation path control through raw material design. The most striking feature of the image is a well-defined dual network: a continuous, thick, bright white θ-Al₂Cu intermetallic compound skeleton, constructing a robust honeycomb framework that clearly isolates light gray α-Al grains within each "honeycomb unit." The essence of this design lies in the distinct strengthening mechanisms of the two major regions: within the intergranular skeleton, dark gray Al₂O₃ particles and slender TiB₂ whiskers are embedded, forming the first level of hard, wear-resistant barrier; and within each enclosed α-Al grain, the second level of strengthening is successfully achieved—with significantly sized, clearly shaped blocky or short rod-shaped θ' phase precipitates distributed. These precipitates can reach hundreds of nanometers in size and are uniformly dispersed within the grains, forming a clear scale and functional contrast with the fine skeleton network. The coating is perfectly bonded to the underlying dark gray aluminum alloy substrate through a metallurgical interface. The entire image employs high-contrast pseudo-coloring, with distinct layers, vividly illustrating the multi-level synergistic heterostructure design from the micron-scale skeleton to the sub-micron-scale intragranular precipitates.

Generate a table of contents (TOC) figure for the paper titled: "Crosstalk Effect of Covalent Bonds Reinforces Structural and Thermal Stability of Li-Rich Mn-Based Layered Cathodes." This paper proposes a crosstalk effect between P-O and TM-O bonds. This crosstalk suppresses structural distortion and improves the thermal stability of Li-rich Mn-based materials. Combine Figure 1 (schematic diagram of the crosstalk effect) and Figure 2.