AI Scientific Illustration Gallery

Ecological role of sesarmid crabs: Bioturbation mechanisms involving sediment reworking through burrowing, mixing, alteration, and transport, leading to improved soil aeration and oxygenation, nutrient distribution and cycling, and enhanced mangrove productivity and carbon sequestration.

APPROVED. Conceptual diagram outline for flash drought event (FDE) detection using standardized evaporative stress ratio (SESR) and its change (ΔSESR). The figure title should be placed at the top in a small font. The conceptual workflow for FDE detection is as follows: Panel 1 (Inputs): Box label: ET & PET (daily). Subtext: → ESR = ET / PET → pentads (5-day). Icon idea: thermometer + droplet or ET arrows. Panel 2 (Standardization): Box label: SESR (pentad). Subtext: Seasonal standardization (pentad-of-year). Panel 3 (Intensification): Box label: ΔSESR. Subtext: Pentad-to-pentad change (standardized). Panel 4 (Thresholds): Box label: Seasonal thresholds. Subtext: P40 P25 P20. Panel 5 (Decision): Diamond.

Abstract Near real-time and non-destructive monitoring of wheat growth using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a reliable and proven method for effective agricultural management. However, challenges arise when dealing with high-dimensional data and capturing nonlinear variables using conventional methods. This study utilized three models–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Deep Neural Network (DNN), and Random Forest (RF) to handle an array of variables. Key variables include VIS = 22, TFs = 64, initial = 86, and optimal = 26. Instruction A graphical abstract is required for this journal and should be a colorful, eye-catching image that captures the reader's attention. The abstract can be a figure from the manuscript or a mosaic of panels arranged horizontally in landscape format, with the horizontal axis three times longer than the vertical axis. Avoid using figure captions and keep labels inside the figures minimal and in large fonts.

The head difference between each power station section is calculated based on high-resolution ground elevation data and the flow data of the main nodes.

A scientific schematic illustration depicting the mechanism of heavy metal immobilization and inhibition of plant uptake. The diagram is presented as a unified whole: the upper section illustrates a healthy maize plant, complete with roots, stem, and leaves; the lower section represents the soil, amended with biochar derived from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and attapulgite clay. Within the soil layer, porous black biochar particles are depicted, containing layered attapulgite clay and mineral components originating from the sludge. The immobilization pathways of six heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni) are illustrated through mechanisms including surface complexation, ion exchange, adsorption within pores, and the formation of insoluble mineral precipitates (e.g., carbonates, phosphates, Fe/Al oxides). These processes are indicated with arrows and descriptive labels. The reduced availability of metal ions in the vicinity of the root zone is displayed. The root hairs of the maize plant absorb a diminished quantity of metals, indicated by short arrows signifying limited uptake. Within the maize root, vacuolar sequestration is symbolized.

The figure is divided into three main parts: (A) Soil Amendment and Heavy Metal Passivation Mechanisms Composition of Composite Amendments: Sludge (provides organic matter, humic acid, and nutrient sources) Attapulgite Clay (possesses numerous layered structures and surface hydroxyl groups, providing adsorption and ion exchange sites) Biochar (carbon source, surface functional groups –COOH, –OH, –C=O, pore structure can adsorb metal ions) Main Action Pathways: Physical Adsorption and Fixation: Biochar pores and attapulgite interlayer pores adsorb heavy metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺. Ion Exchange and Surface Complexation: Si–OH and Mg–OH on the surface of attapulgite form coordination bonds with metal ions; oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of biochar form stable complexes with heavy metals. Precipitation and Mineralization: Phosphate and carbonate released from sludge form insoluble salts with heavy metals (e.g., Cu₃(PO₄)₂, PbCO₃, CdS, etc.). Changes in pH and CEC: Amendments increase soil pH and cation exchange capacity, reducing the proportion of soluble forms of heavy metals. Enhanced Microbial Activity: Sludge and biochar promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms, which can further passivate heavy metals through biosorption or biotransformation. Results (indicated by arrows in the figure): Decrease in water-soluble and exchangeable heavy metal concentrations Increase in the proportion of residual and carbonate-bound heavy metals Overall performance shows reduced bioavailability (B) Absorption and Barrier Mechanisms in the Maize Rhizosphere Root Surface Layers Exhibit: The root hair zone can adsorb a small amount of heavy metals, but they are bound and passivated by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Rhizosphere secretions (organic acids, mucilage, GRPs) synergize with amendments to form metal-organic complexes, reducing the concentration of active ions entering cells. Cell Wall and Membrane Barriers: Metal ions are mostly bound by –COOH and –OH groups on the cell wall. The expression of metal ion transporters (such as ZIP, HMA families) on the plasma membrane is downregulated under low metal availability. Intracellularly released organic acids (such as citric acid, malic acid) form chelates with metals or enter vacuoles for sequestration. In Vivo Transport Pathways: Decrease in the transfer coefficient from root → stem → leaf. Root cells sequester heavy metals in vacuoles. Aboveground parts are mainly transported through symplastic pathways, with a significantly reduced proportion. (C) Quantitative Arrows and Effects After amendment, the arrow points from “active heavy metals → insoluble complexes/mineralized forms” direction. Soil effective metal ↓ (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni) Root uptake ↓ Shoot/Grain translocation ↓ Final Display: Reduced heavy metal mobility and bioavailability → Enhanced maize growth & lower food-chain risk III. Drawing Suggestions Background layering: Maize plants above, root system below, rhizosphere area in the middle, composite amendments and soil layer below. Different colors can be used

Please provide a population density heatmap for the city.

APPROVED Using aligned marine seaweeds as a feedstock to produce biochar for enhancing direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) is feasible and represents a promising, yet underexplored, research direction. Current bioelectrochemical research indicates that biochars with appropriate conductivity and surface chemistry can facilitate DIET in systems like anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Similar principles can, in principle, be extended to MECs. Below is a novel strategy for using marine...

The sustainable management of organic waste remains a significant global challenge, with vegetable waste (VW) and livestock-derived materials being major contributors to environmental degradation and energy resource depletion. This study optimized the effect of temperature on biogas production, methane content, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration during the co-digestion of VW and cattle rumen content (CRC) under mesophilic (35-48 °C) and thermophilic (50-60 °C) conditions. Batch digesters with a 5 L capacity were operated with substrate mixtures (VW:CRC) at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2-4 kg VS/m³/day, maintaining a 40-day retention time and a pH range of 6.8-7.2. The results indicated that the highest biogas yield was 0.62 L/g VS, with a methane content of 62%, achieved at 42 °C with a 70:30 VW:CRC ratio. This represents a 38% and 18% improvement compared to VW mono-digestion and thermophilic operation, respectively. Temperature optimization reduced the lag phase by 50% and increased the reduction of volatile solids (VS).