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Chemical structure of geopolymers. | SciDraw Gallery

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Chemical structure of geopolymers.

Chemistry

Prompt Description

Chemical structure of geopolymers.

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With the increasing demand for energy and growing emphasis on environmental protection, research on biomass and coal co-pyrolysis has gradually become a focal point in the energy sector. Lignin, as a crucial component of biomass, and its co-pyrolysis characteristics with Shenmu coal have garnered widespread attention. This study investigates lignin in different sodium forms to explore the differences in pyrolysis behavior, product distribution, and pyrolysis mechanisms during the co-pyrolysis of lignin and Shenmu coal. The objective is to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient and clean conversion and utilization of biomass and coal, thereby further promoting the sustainable development of the energy sector. The results indicate that different lignins can promote the release of volatile components during coal co-pyrolysis, but the extent of the impact varies due to their different properties. Organically bound lignin sodium (PL(COxNa)) alters the pyrolysis reaction pathways and product selectivity through catalytic action, which is conducive to gas production and reduces tar yield; the pyrolysis gas yield significantly increases to 20.67 wt%, and the tar yield decreases to 6.04 wt%; compared with pyrolysis with other lignins alone, its H₂ and CO₂ yields are higher, reaching approximately 9.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%, respectively. The addition of inorganic sodium-bound lignin (PL2.7NaOH0.3) mainly affects the pyrolysis reaction by creating an alkaline environment, resulting in a decrease in tar yield to 8.14 wt% and an increase in pyrolysis gas yield to 16.72 wt%, with relatively small changes in magnitude. BET analysis of the co-pyrolysis char shows that the structural parameters of PL(COxNa), PL2.7NaOH0.3, and SM co-pyrolysis char are optimized, with pore sizes increasing to 7.68 nm and 7.19 nm, respectively, and the pore structure is irregular, providing favorable conditions for subsequent gasification. Generate a graphical abstract.

With the increasing demand for energy and growing emphasis o...

Detailed Instructions for Drawing a Scientific Abstract Diagram (16:9 Ratio, Central Circumferential Scheme)

I. Overall Layout and Composition
Employ a central focal point surrounded by modules, strictly adhering to a 16:9 widescreen ratio to create an open and balanced visual scene.

Central Area (Core Reactor): Positioned at the upper golden ratio point in the diagram, place a cross-sectional miniature high-pressure reactor as the physical carrier and visual focus of the entire co-conversion process.

Surrounding Modules: With the reactor as the center, arrange four core information modules in a clockwise logical sequence in the upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right quadrants.

Logical Flow and Connection: Connect all module elements to the central reactor via directional or surrounding arrows, beams, and data streamlines, forming a closed-loop logic of "condition input → core conversion → mechanism elucidation → product output."

II. Detailed Content and Drawing Instructions for Each Module
Module 1: Raw Materials and Multi-Parameter Input (Upper Left Quadrant)
Content: Showcase the two raw materials and adjustable variables of the reaction system.

Drawing Details:

Marine Plastic: Draw several plastic fragments with scratches, micropores, and oxygen-containing functional groups (C=O, -OH) attached, using a gray-blue color scheme. Annotate with "Aged PE/PP."

Ulva Biomass: Draw a cluster of green algae, accompanied by simplified molecular models of its representative biopolymers (such as cellulose chains and triglycerides), using a green color scheme.

Parameter Control Panel: Below the raw materials, design a concise digital control panel containing:

Ratio Slider: Labeled "Plastic/Biomass Ratio," with the slider movable between "9:1" and "1:9."

Temperature and Time Display: "T: 250-400 °C," "t: 30-120 min."

Additive Selection Buttons: Two highlighted buttons, "K₂CO₃" and "NaOH," with concentration bars.

Logical Connection: Emit multiple colored arrows from this module (e.g., gray for plastic, green for biomass, orange for parameter commands), converging and pointing towards the feed inlet of the central reactor, representing "Raw Material and Reaction Condition Input."

Module 2: Co-Conversion and Hydrogen Transfer Micro-Mechanism (Upper Right Quadrant)
Content: Display the key molecular processes and synergistic mechanisms inside the central reactor in an "exploded view" format.

Drawing Details:

Reaction Environment: Light blue background, dotted with ion symbols such as Na⁺, K⁺, OH⁻, CO₃²⁻, labeled "Alkaline Medium."

Process Dynamic Demonstration (Core):

Step 1 (Dissociation): On the left, gray-blue plastic chains undergo thermal scission, generating several alkyl free radicals (·R, with unpaired electrons emphasized by flashing red dots at the ends).

Step 2 (Hydrogen Transfer): On the right, green biomass depolymerizes to generate oxygen-containing intermediates (e.g., ball-and-stick models of aldehydes, ketones, and furans). Focus on depicting: an H atom (bright red small sphere) from a plastic free radical, transferred to an oxygen-containing intermediate via a highlighted energy transition path (e.g., a luminous arrow) under the catalysis or mediation of alkaline ions (e.g., OH⁻).

Detailed Instructions for Drawing a Scientific Abstract Diag...

Surface loading method (suitable for tracing surface passivation processes):
This method involves loading ordinary Fe-C electrolytic spheres with ⁵⁷Fe²⁺/⁵⁷Fe³⁺ on the surface, marking only the active sites on the surface of the electrolytic spheres, and is used to track the formation and migration of the surface passivation film.
1. Raw Material Preparation
Isotope precursor: ⁵⁷FeSO₄ solution (prepared by reacting ⁵⁷Fe metal powder with dilute sulfuric acid, concentration 100 mM);
Basic raw material: Ordinary Fe-C electrolytic spheres (particle size 3~5 mm, pretreatment: soak in dilute hydrochloric acid for 2 h to remove the surface oxide layer, rinse with water until neutral);
Auxiliary reagent: Citric acid (complexing agent, concentration 5 mM, enhances the adsorption stability of ⁵⁷Fe on the surface).
2. Loading Steps
Surface activation: Place ordinary Fe-C electrolytic spheres in an ultrasonic cleaner, ultrasonically clean with deionized water for 10 min to remove surface impurities, and dry with nitrogen;
Isotope loading: Immerse the activated electrolytic spheres in a ⁵⁷FeSO₄-citric acid mixed solution, and oscillate and adsorb at room temperature for 24 h. During this period, sonicate for 10 min every 4 h to promote the diffusion of ⁵⁷Fe²⁺ into the pores of the electrolytic spheres;
Reduction and fixation: After adsorption, take out the electrolytic spheres and dry the surface moisture with nitrogen;
Washing and purification: Rinse the surface of the electrolytic spheres with deionized water to remove unadsorbed ⁵⁷Fe²⁺ until no ⁵⁷Fe signal is detected in the rinsing solution (verified by ICP-MS).

Surface loading method (suitable for tracing surface passiva...

Draw a flowchart of the experimental procedure: Mix fluorinated carbon nanotubes and carbon black in a 1:1 ratio, stir in methanol overnight, then calcine at 500 degrees Celsius. Subsequently, load Pt by stirring hexachloroplatinic acid with the prepared support in ethylene glycol overnight, then heat to 180 degrees Celsius in an oil bath for 5 hours.

Draw a flowchart of the experimental procedure: Mix fluorina...