Prompt Description

The figure illustrates various biogenesis pathways of extracellular vesicles. Vesicles can originate from several sources, including budding at the plasma membrane or pathways originating from the endosomal compartment. Microscopic observations reveal direct membrane restructuring with the exclusion of cytoplasmic components and the shedding of vesicles at the cell surface. Evidence indicates that vesicles originate from vacuolar compartments containing vesicles or through endosome-derived multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing internal vesicles into extracellular spaces. Notable similarities exist between the molecular components regulating the production of fungal vesicles and those of mammalian vesicles. The production of MVBs and subsequent vesicle release are heavily dependent on the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), which comprises five different protein complexes, designated ESCRT-0 through ESCRT-III.