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ChIP method | SciDraw Gallery

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ChIP method

Biomedical

Prompt Description

ChIP method

Related Illustrations

The study aims to reverse cognitive dysfunction caused by hippocampal damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using NSC-derived exosomes modified with A as an intervention target. The AD model animal system will be used to explore the interaction between B and the regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway.

The study aims to reverse cognitive dysfunction caused by hi...

Create a professional graphical abstract for a food safety study conducted in university catering services. The layout should be horizontal, with four panels arranged from left to right.

Panel 1 – Study Setting:
Display a simplified map of Portugal, emphasizing the northern region. Include icons for two university campuses, labeled L1 and L2. Next to L1, indicate “5 canteens, 6 cafés,” and next to L2, indicate “4 canteens, 3 cafés.” Use simple food service icons to represent canteens and cafés.

Panel 2 – Sampling:
Divide this panel into two sections.
On the left, illustrate food contact surfaces with icons representing countertops, cutting boards, knives, coffee machines, and refrigerators. Label this section “Food contact surfaces (FCS)” and indicate “380 samples.”
On the right, show two hands (left and right) representing food handlers’ hands, labeled “Food handlers’ hands (FH)” and “324 samples.” Include a small note specifying dominant vs. non-dominant hand and the timing of sampling (before/during food handling).

Panel 3 – Microbiological Analysis:
Include icons representing microbiological analysis.

Create a professional graphical abstract for a food safety s...

Schematic diagram of L-lactate production and action at the "tripartite synapse" of axons, dendrites, and astrocytes, and at the glial-vascular interface. Lactate, produced by glycolysis in brain cells or entering from the blood, is transported via monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4, red ovals), moving along the concentration gradient of lactate and co-transported protons between intracellular and extracellular compartments of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells (orange circles). Lactate also migrates through gap junction connexins (Cx, orange ovals) in the extracellular space and the astrocytic syncytial network. For simplicity, pyruvate and other intermediates are not shown. HCAR1 (red rectangle) is a lactate receptor with its lactate-binding site facing the extracellular space. GLUT1 and GLUT3 (green ovals) are glucose transporters that supply glucose to brain cells. The locations of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA-R, purple rectangle) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (blue serpentine) are indicated; these receptors are influenced by and influence lactate. Mitochondria (dark blue symbols) avoid dendritic spines and thin astrocytic processes. Astrocytic processes contain glycogen granules (green spheres).

Schematic diagram of L-lactate production and action at the ...

Core Theme: Illustrate a comprehensive cycle diagram depicting the synthesis, tissue transport, clearance pathways, and homeostatic regulation of lactate in the body.

Compositional Elements and Processes:

Lactate Production (Starting Point):

In the cytoplasm of cells (e.g., skeletal muscle cells, immune cells, tumor cells), depict a central process:
Substrate: Glucose.
Key Enzyme: LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase).
Process: Pyruvate, produced by glycolysis, is reduced under the catalysis of LDH to generate lactate and simultaneously regenerate NAD+.
Use an arrow from "Glucose" pointing to "Lactate," and label "Glycolysis/LDH" next to the arrow.
Establish another source: Gut microbiota (simplified as an intestinal shape) produce D-lactate, which enters the circulation via the bloodstream.
Lactate Transport (Movement and Distribution):

Highlight the MCT family of transporters on cell membranes. Focus on two types:
MCT1: Draw it on the membrane of cells like cardiomyocytes and neurons, labeling it "High-Affinity Uptake."
MCT4: Draw it on the membrane of high-metabolic-rate cells like skeletal muscle cells and astrocytes, labeling it "Rapid Efflux."
Connect these cells with arrows to indicate lactate shuttling between different tissues via MCT proteins.
Lactate Clearance and Transformation (Three Core Pathways):

Divide the image into three main areas to showcase the three primary fates of lactate:
Pathway 1: As an Oxidative Fuel
Scenario: Tissues rich in mitochondria, such as the myocardium and slow-twitch muscles.
Process: Lactate → Pyruvate → Enters the TCA cycle → Produces a large amount of ATP.
Label: "Primary energy source, meeting 60-80% of resting needs."
Pathway 2: As a Gluconeogenic Precursor (Cori Cycle)
Scenario: Liver and kidneys.
Process: Lactate → Undergoes gluconeogenesis → Synthesizes glucose → Glucose is released into the bloodstream.
Use a circular arrow to connect muscle (lactate production) and liver (glucose production), labeling it "Cori Cycle."
Pathway 3: As a Signaling Molecule Precursor
Scenario: Can be generalized as the cellular environment, focusing on the GPR81 receptor.
Process: Lactate acts as a ligand, binding to and activating the GPR81 receptor on the cell membrane.
Label: "Initiates cell signal transduction (e.g., metabolic regulation, neural signals)."
Lactate Homeostasis Regulation (Feedback and Balance):

In appropriate locations in the diagram (e.g., edges or through small illustrations), represent the mechanisms that maintain lactate levels:
Inhibition of Self-Production: High lactate levels can negatively feedback inhibit glycolysis.
Promotion of Self-Clearance: Lactate competitively inhibits fatty acid oxidation, making metabolism more inclined to utilize lactate.
Regulation of Lipolysis: Inhibits fat breakdown through the GPR81 receptor, reducing other fuel sources and indirectly promoting lactate utilization.
Style and Layout Suggestions:

Layout: A cycle diagram or flowchart format can be adopted. The center is the lactate molecule, with three main lines radiating out representing synthesis, transport, and clearance.
Style: A simple, clear scientific illustration style, using flat icons or simple drawings to represent cells, organelles (mitochondria), and organs (liver, muscle, intestine).
Color: Use different colors to distinguish different paths (e.g., green for production, blue for transport, orange for oxidation).

Core Theme: Illustrate a comprehensive cycle diagram depicti...