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Advances in neuroscience. | SciDraw Gallery

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Advances in neuroscience.

Biomedical

Prompt Description

Advances in neuroscience.

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Schematic representation of four key genes involved in detoxification and oxidative stress pathways associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. The figure highlights TXNRD2 as the main candidate gene, involved in mitochondrial redox homeostasis and oxidative damage control, showing evidence of association in an independent replication cohort. NFE2L2 (NRF2) is depicted as the master regulator of the antioxidant response; reduced expression in prostate tumor tissue leads to impaired activation of cytoprotective genes. ARNT is shown as a transcriptional cofactor in xenobiotic detoxification and hypoxia-related pathways, potentially affecting angiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer. GPX6 is included as a selenoprotein involved in peroxide detoxification and redox signaling, with a more exploratory role in prostate cancer. Overall, the figure illustrates the convergence of these genes on oxidative stress control and detoxification processes relevant to prostate cancer.

Schematic representation of four key genes involved in detox...

The constructed recombinant plasmid is introduced into E. coli host strains. Common host strains such as BL21(DE3) or DH5α are used, and the recombinant plasmid is introduced into the bacterial cells via heat shock or electroporation. After the plasmid enters the cells, the bacterial solution is cultured, and resistant colonies are selected to confirm successful transformation. Subsequently, the recombinant strain is cultured on a large scale in a nutrient medium.

During the expression phase, an inducer is added to initiate protein expression. For example, the commonly used IPTG can induce the efficient expression of genes carrying the T7 promoter; early production methods also used the tryptophan promoter (trp promoter), which automatically expresses the insulin precursor after tryptophan depletion. In summary, by optimizing expression conditions and culture medium formulations, high levels of insulin A-chain and B-chain (or precursor protein) can be obtained in E. coli.

The constructed recombinant plasmid is introduced into E. co...

The preparation of recombinant human insulin begins with the design and synthesis of the human insulin gene. Human insulin consists of two peptide chains, A and B; therefore, two synthetic genes are typically designed: one encoding the A chain and one encoding the B chain. Researchers optimize *E. coli*-preferred codons based on the natural insulin amino acid sequence and chemically synthesize these two gene segments. Then, restriction enzymes are used to insert the A-chain or B-chain gene into a vector plasmid, constructing a recombinant expression plasmid. The plasmid also needs to contain functional elements such as promoters and terminators, and antibiotic resistance markers to achieve efficient gene transcription and selection. Commonly used expression vectors generally carry strong promoters (such as T7 or tryptophan promoters) and RBS to drive high-level expression of the inserted gene in the host bacteria.

Here, the A and B genes are cloned separately into circular plasmids. As shown in the illustration, the proinsulin gene (containing A and B chain sequences) is extracted from the cell nucleus in the upper left; the circular plasmid opened with restriction enzymes is in the upper right, and the vector contains a promoter and resistance gene. After the enzymatic reaction, the A-chain gene and the B-chain gene are ligated into different sites on the plasmid, forming a recombinant plasmid for downstream expression.

The preparation of recombinant human insulin begins with the...

Generate a table of contents (TOC) figure with the following requirements:
1. Modify the degree proportions of each sector to 40°, 20°, 40°, 20°, 80°, 60°, 40°, and 60°.
2. The content of each sector should correspond as follows:
(1) Nervous System: Glioma, Medulloblastoma
(2) Respiratory System: Lung Adenocarcinoma
(3) Digestive System: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Colorectal Carcinoma
(4) Endocrine System: Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
(5) Urinary System: Renal Carcinoma, Bladder Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Urothelial Carcinoma
(6) Reproductive System: Breast Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Cervical Cancer
(7) Hematologic System: Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma
(8) Others: Osteosarcoma, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
3. Include small images within each sector that are relevant to the corresponding content.

Generate a table of contents (TOC) figure with the following...